The whole chart . . .
The whole chart, and all of the derived charts, portray a potential whole person. The various factors have importance at some times and in some combinations, these depend upon what you are looking for. Charts are read in "layers" and in specific "slices" wherein you key in on things during a general overall reading, and then focus on only certain factors. It is hard to explain to those who are in their "early-studies" period.
However, I can give you a few examples. The 4th-10th axis and those houses are often strong indicators of the early childhood environment. The planets in those houses and the aspects they have to other planets show the dynamic energies of the parents and those figures in the home that influence the child. The Moon, as a symbol of primary needs, also represents a nurturing force, and its role in the 4th-10th houses points to the shape of those nurturing forces or lack thereof.
As you can see from the example cited, it is likely that only a few of the planets and other factors would be initially involved in this kind of a focused look. You have to balance what you see in any "focused look" with the overall structure of the chart, the Sun-Moon relationship, etc. As the person moves into adulthood you have to consider how deep and long the carryover will last and where/how the individual will choose to shape itself and move past early conditioning. It is these factors, not the mechanics of reading a chart in terms of planet-aspects-houses-signs-rulerships-etc., that determine how adept and helpful one can be as an astrologer. Dave