New at Trionfi.com

Huck

In matters of the new findings about the terms Germini and Ganellini (one post above) Andrea Vitali helped with the following provisional translation fro the Ganellini passage of 1613:

“7051. In the same way I can’t avoid to speak about the abuse and scandal, that however continues to play with those damned cards, Tarot and ganellini, where in one of these cards is the figure of the Pope wearing a cope, with the kingdom on head, and with keys in hand, in the act of giving his blessing. This scandalous figure in that place (in the cards), like and give taste to the heretics, who are used to make fun of the Pope to paint him in different ways and indecent styles. In the same cards there is the Angel who plays the trumpet of the Last Judgement, that is a very indecent thing and of taste for who makes fun of Purgatory. There are likewise the Magi guided by the star and the figures of Faith, Hope and Charity. How can this abuse continue among the Catholics? If those things happen among the Lutherans what we would say? In the game where you curse, where you say a thousand shameful words even against the cards themselves, how is it possible to use such mystery (sacred) figures? I protest with whom I must do, and I apologize that it is not my fault if nothing is done to remedy. I forgot to say that in this card deck used to playing, a Monkey is painted, dressed as a monk, preaching from a pulpit: Oh, my God, what are these? And yet the Princes use them for fun? O great sacrilege!”
Note: Andrea feels not enough safe in the use of English language ... improvements are welcome.

Of special interest appears the card, at which "a Monkey is painted, dressed as a monk, preaching from a pulpit: Oh, my God, what are these? And yet the Princes use them for fun? O great sacrilege!"

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For the two Germini passages Andrea Vitali gave the two summaries:

1517
Summary:
Lorenzo de 'Medici (Duke of Urbino) had been wounded in Urbino and the fact was known. He returned to Florence in secret but people say he was dead, but “there were those who said that he had been seen playing at germini with Jacopo Salviati and his brother in law Filippo Strozzi” (Chi diceva averlo veduto giocare a Germini con Jacopo Salviati, e Filippo Strozzi, suo cognato)

1518
Summary:
The Duke of Urbino, Lorenzo, wounded in the battle of Urbino, and in December of 1518 his health deteriorated. For this reason he was in bed to rest your legs and because he grieved for French bubbles and sometimes he played at germini and ronfa.(e quivi nel letto stave alle volte a giucare a germini et a ronfa= and here in his bed sometimes he was playing at germini and ronfa).

The twice mentioned Lorenzo de Medici is the following person:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de'_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino

220px-Portrait_of_Lorenzo_di_Medici.jpg


As son of Piero de Medici (himself son of the earlier famous Lorenzo de Medici) he became ruler of Florence in 1513 after the reconstitution of the Medici rule in Florence through the just elected new pope Leo X. He was then just 21 years old. In 1516 he became also ruler of Urbino by pope Leo, replacing Francesco Maria I della Rovere ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere
... nephew of the earlier pope Julius II.

This activity caused the war of Urbino in 1517.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Urbino

Lorenzo de Medici married in June 1518 (5th of May) Madeleine de la Tour ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d'Auvergne
... a relative of the French crown, and got a single daughter, who as Catherina de Medici became the famous queen of France later, the first of two Medici queens on the French throne.
Lorenzo died in 1519 cause of syphylis (May 4). Madeleine died short before (April 28), after having given birth to Catherine.

The two other mentioned persons in the documents Filippo Strozzi and Jacopo Salviati worked in 1517/18 as bankers for the tremendous money interests of pope Leo. Filippo Strozzi ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Strozzi_the_Younger
... became prisoner in the wars around Florence as leader of the opposition, when the later grande duke Cosimo I became ruler in Florence 1537. He died in prison.
His surviving sons (Piero and Leon) took refuge in France at the court of Catherine de Medici and took high positions in the current French army. A son of Piero, Filippo di Piero Strozzi, became (very likely) involved in the production of the Tarot de Paris 1559.
 

Huck

Franco Pratesi has written a series of new articles:

1791 PRODUCTION AND SALE OF PLAYING CARDS IN TUSCANY, 24.03.2012
http://trionfi.com/es18

1517 GERMINI AMoNG OTHER GAMES, 28.03.2012
http://trionfi.com/es19
*** About the new oldest Germini note

1452 – A DOZEN OF NAIBI DI TRIONFI, 02.04.2012
http://trionfi.com/es20
Early playing card trade (with a new Trionfi note)

1429/30 - NAIBI TRADED IN PRATO BY A NOTARY, 06.04.2012
http://trionfi.com/es41
Early playing card trade (without Trionfi notes)

NAIBI TRADED AT LAPINI STORE, FROM 1415 ON, 10.04.2012
http://trionfi.com/es42
Early playing card trade (without Trionfi notes)

1431-1460: NAIBI ACQUIRED BY SILK-DEALERS, 20.04.2012
http://trionfi.com/es43
Early playing card trade (with lots of new Trionfi notes)

1451 - NEW LAWS AGAINST GAMBLING IN SIENA, 24.04.2012
http://trionfi.com/es44
new Trionfi note

THE ITALIAN GAME OF CUCU, 05.06.2012
http://trionfi.com/es45
About Cucu

ON TRUMPS, TRIUMPHS, AND TAROTS, 10.06.2012
http://trionfi.com/es46

1440 - STUDIES ON GIUSTO GIUSTI, 09.07.2012
http://trionfi.com/es47
*** about Giusto Giusti and the now oldest Trionfi document from September 1440

IN SEARCH OF TAROT SOURCES - AFTER 15 YEARS, 11.07.2012
http://trionfi.com/es48
*** about (mainly) 14th century texts, which were distributed in the 1420s and 1430s, together with some general influences of 15th century
 

Huck

Francio Pratesi has written a few new articles.

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One of them reports a new Trionfi note of the year 1462. The trader Cambini sends 96 Trionfi decks to Venice.

This is by far the earliest "highest number of decks" in all older Trionfi documents, preceding the "higher number" 309 decks in an import document to Rome from the year 1464. Older highest number were occasionally 12 and in one case 13, all belonging to the period, when the statistic of the silk dealer notes a peak of Trionfi card productions in the early 1450s. "12" appears more often, as it seems, that relative cheap Trionfi cards (9 soldi, so not really cheap) were traded commonly in dozens.

1462 – CARDS AND TRIUMPHS IN A CAMBINI SHIPMENT TO VENICE
http://trionfi.com/cambino-trade-venice

This article is also of importance, as it one of only few Trionfi notes for Venice.

*************************
Another silk trader in the year 1456. The number of decks is very small and the action does not include Trionfi decks ... and other playing card trades are not known. The document is of interest, as the trade included also other playing material.

1456 – CURIOUS SHIPMENTS BY ANDREA BANCHI
http://trionfi.com/andrea-banchi

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Franco Pratesi about the relationship between Chess and Tarot and about opinions to the theme.

CHESS AND PLAYING CARDS, TAROT INCLUDED - SELECTED OPINIONS
http://trionfi.com/chess-tarot-playing-cards

The article will get a commentary, which for the moment isn't included.

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A short older article of 1987

ANCIENT CARD TRICKS WITH MINCHIATE
http://trionfi.com/minchiate-magic

***********************

Not from Franco Pratesi and not about playing cards, but a review of Franco Pratesi's "more-than-100-pages-work" about the History of Go in Europe.

FRANCO PRATESI ABOUT GO
http://trionfi.com/eurogo
 

Huck

There's a new article to a new finding of Franco Pratesi, this time about an user of playing cards called Trionfi and it's the earliest (5 August 1451) known common-people-user, a notary Ser Giovanni Bandini with not very much income.

http://trionfi.com/notary-ser-giovanni-bandini

"A dì detto per 1° paio di trionfi per mio spasso s. 12"

He bought one pair of cards for his own fun and he paid 12 Soldi.

*****************

During the editorial work it was noted, that we know not enough, what else one could get for 12 Soldi in 1451. So that's surely a theme.

******************

Also a list was made, which includes all new documents, which have appeared in the last year since November 2011 in the period 1440-1462. There are 65 new entries, 63 found by Franco Pratesi, one by Thierry Depaulis (oldest Trionfi document 1440), another one by Veber Gulinelli, who controlled the Franceschini records, and found one, which was overlooked (1460).

Earlier existed something between 31-35 documents (it depends, how one counts them). 27-28 were collected in 2003, mainly on base of Ortalli's work "Prince and the playing cards" for the period 1442-1463), 4 were added in the meantime 2004-2011. Roughly estimated we have won 200% more documents (for the mentioned period) in the last-year-period 2011-2012 ... and the number of all documents (for the mentioned period) is near to "100".
 

Huck

Franco Pratesi has published his 3rd "Naibi in Arezzo" article ...

1400-1408 – FLORENCE-AREZZO TRADE OF NAIBI
http://trionfi.com/evx-arezzo-giglio-di-bettino

The both earlier had been of minor importance, just two notes, which included the word "Naibi". This 3rd one is a complete playing card trade of a minor retailer, who in 9 years 1400-1408 bought totally 344 decks for 1335 Soldi from different playing card traders in Florence, apparently with the intention to sell these decks in Arezzo not to other traders, but just to the private public, which wished to play with these decks.

Comparable documents in connected context weren't known before for this early time (1400 -1408), neither in Germany or elsewhere in Europe. Second to this is the recently documented trade of the Lapini family between 1415-22 ...
http://trionfi.com/lapini-playing-cards
... though this seems to have been mostly a trade between traders.


**************

The series of articles for "Franco Pratesi 2011/2012" ...
http://trionfi.com/franco-pratesi
... was closed with totally 35 new articles and 11 publications of older Franco Pratesi articles.

The series of articles for "Franco Pratesi 2012/2013" ...
http://trionfi.com/evx-franco-pratesi
... was opened at 1st of November with now 4 articles.
 

frelkins

*****************

During the editorial work it was noted, that we know not enough, what else one could get for 12 Soldi in 1451. So that's surely a theme.

******************


Florence and most of Italy at this time had sumptuary laws that not only dictated what one could wear and how much the cloth could cost, it also had official prices for food. So check out any good history of food in a scholarly journal. I recall being told when I went to a cooking course in Siena that in the later 15th century, a pound of veal was about 3 soldi, "white" bread 1 soldi.

The problem is that the soldi often changed in value, sometimes day by day, due to unstable economic factors. There was often a terrible shortage of money altogether. For excellent discussion of prices & currency in northern Italy maybe check out Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, by Peter Spufford. It's probably on Google.

So 12 soldi seems like a lot! 12 loaves of "white" bread!
 

Huck

Florence and most of Italy at this time had sumptuary laws that not only dictated what one could wear and how much the cloth could cost, it also had official prices for food. So check out any good history of food in a scholarly journal. I recall being told when I went to a cooking course in Siena that in the later 15th century, a pound of veal was about 3 soldi, "white" bread 1 soldi.

The problem is that the soldi often changed in value, sometimes day by day, due to unstable economic factors. There was often a terrible shortage of money altogether. For excellent discussion of prices & currency in northern Italy maybe check out Money and its Use in Medieval Europe, by Peter Spufford. It's probably on Google.

So 12 soldi seems like a lot! 12 loaves of "white" bread!

hi Frelkins,

... we have meanwhile better information in this question.
The interesting places in the Trionfi card questions are Ferrara and Florence, both places used a Lira-Soldi-Denari system. But the Ferrarese Lira Marchesana had a higher value than the Florentine Lira (= 20 Soldi).

The lowest price known from Ferrara account books for a Trionfi deck was somehow around 12 Soldi (Marchione Burdochi 1442), the equivalent sum in Florence should have been 1 Lira (= 20 Soldi).

A further complication is the ducat. A Florentine ducat in 1423 had the value of 2 Lira Marchesana (relation 1:2) in the Imperatori cards deal, around 1450 the relation should have been around 1 : 2.5 and in 1457 in the deal with the 70 cards it was 1 : 2.8.

It was as nowadays, the currency was changing. The Florentine Lira also lost with the time against the ducat.

Adding further complications, other types of ducats were invented.

Here we have a list of Grano (grain) prices, which naturally also were floating, and a list of wine prices ... from
http://books.google.de/books?id=GIa2AAAAIAAJ&q=opera+muratori#search_anchor

Grano
grano-1.jpg

grano-2.jpg

grano-3.jpg


Vino
vino-1.jpg

vino-2.jpg

vino-3.jpg


It's not totally clear if this were end-user prices, or if this were prices between producers and traders.

Back to the Trionfi cards, it has to be observed, that the cheapest Trionfi deck paid at the Ferrarese court (12 Soldi in Ferrara = 20 Soldi Florence) would have been in the category "rather expensive" in Florence. Between the 1000s of decks, which were reported in the recent studies of Franco Pratesi before 1460 less than 1%
had such a price or higher.
 

Huck

Beta Version: Old Trionfi documents

http://trionfi.com/et00

... still is in the development state (with errors, with empty places, with unfinished projects), but it might be already useful. The projected publishing date was Nicolaus 2012, and so there it is ... we hadn't so much time to finish it in the last weeks, and possibly we don't find the time in the next months.

Finally it shall replace the old Trionfi document collection. The mission is to merge old Trionfi documents, which were known before 2011/12 (so before Franco Pratesi's new discoveries) with Franco Pratesi's new discoveries and to create a sort of new overview. But that's still a longer way.

Enjoy.
 

Huck

Franco Pratesi has written his 5th and for the moment his last article to Playing Cards in Arezzo ... the series looks now like this:

http://trionfi.com/ev01
1400 – NAIBI ON LOAN IN AREZZO, 01.11.2012 .... Giglio di Bettino

http://trionfi.com/ev04
1400-08 – FLORENCE-AREZZO TRADE OF NAIBI, 24.11.2012 .... Giglio di Bettino

http://trionfi.com/ev03
1410 – NAIBI IN A MOVE FROM FLORENCE TO AREZZO, 08.11.2012 .... Lazzaro Bracci

http://trionfi.com/ev06
1421-39 – PLAYING CARDS TRADED IN AREZZO BY AGNOLO DI GIOVANNI, 15.12.2012

http://trionfi.com/ev05
1457-71 – CARDS TRADED IN AREZZO BY STEFANO MINUCCI, 09.12.2012

Franco Pratesi thinks, that there is more material in Arezzo, but in his next researches he will focus on other locations in the Toscana outside of Florence. He offers the opinion, that Toscana generally had had a better documentation than elsewhere, so the findings that he made there, might be not possible at other locations in Italy.

The most impressive article of the Arezzo series is likely the article to Giglio Bettino 1400-08. Comparable material in this early time in this density wasn't found at other locations in Europe.

bettino-1.jpg

http://a-tarot.eu/p/2012/zz/bettino-1.jpg
 

Huck

Franco Pratesi has written 8 articles in the course of the last three months, which according some technical problems we were not able to produce in time. The technical problems are partly solved, but actually the state is still not very satisfying.

Now the articles are in "provisional state" (pictures and comments are missing) at our website:

http://trionfi.com/ev07
AROUND 1450 – LO SCHEGGIA'S MANY-SIDED PRODUCTION, 03.01.2013
about Lo Scheggia, who definitely also made playing cards and who possibly might have been involved in the production of the Charles VI Tarot

http://trionfi.com/ev08
1801-07 – CARD PRODUCTION IN THE ETRURIA KINGDOM, 12.01.2013

http://trionfi.com/ev09
1775-87 : CARD PRODUCTION IN TUSCAN GRAND DUCHY, 26.01.2013
In these years the game Minchiate has in Tuscany a market position of 5-10% of all produced decks. This confirms an earlier known value for the year 1790, in which Minchiate had about 10%. It's in strong contrast to a known value from "around 1840", in which Minchiate had less than 1%.

http://trionfi.com/ev10
AROUND 1450 – SOME OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS FOR AREZZO, 27.02.2013
A further report about the early time in Arezzo.

http://trionfi.com/ev11
DOMANDA E RIPOSTA, 07.03.2013
About a Minchiate poem in 17th century. Italian language.

http://trionfi.com/ev12
1428 – NAIBI COMING TO ROME, 18.03.2013
The earliest known customs register in Rome contain some playing card notes. Trionfi cards are not mentioned.

http://trionfi.com/ev13
1810-1811 – PLAYING CARDS IN LUCCA, 22.03.2013
Lucca ...

http://trionfi.com/ev14
ABOUT 1420 – REFLECTING ON MARZIANO'S PACK, 25.03.2013
Some statements to the research on the Michelino deck