Teheuti said:
So what is a symbol? How does it operate? Is it a shorthand representation for a particular idea that is not meant to be understood in any other way? Is a symbol only what the person who selected that image meant it to mean? For instance, if an author says that he meant a drinking glass to indicate clarity, then would others be wrong if they thought it symbolized the evidence of alcoholism in the story-line (of which the author may have been totally unaware)?
That's a great question.
My own answer to it is that if an author is purposefully intending a meaning, and purposefully excluding another meaning, for any symbol used in a deck, then his own meaning, plus any meaning he has not excluded, belong to the symbol. The meaning he has excluded also belongs to the symbol - but like a negative. The example of the pelican and self-sacrifice (excluded) on the Empress is a case in point. It's impossible, if you have ANY knowledge of European symbolism, to see a pelican and not think of self-sacrifice: but Crowley deliberately wants you to look beyond, and to turn that symbol on its head. Instead of self-sacrifice, he is offering your True Will, the realisation of what a mother, by her very nature, wills: and therefore not an act to be praised as a martyrdom, but rather accepted as the expression of her higher self.
So you look at the pelican, you see the self-sacrifice: then you look at it again through new eyes - you see the pelican feeding her children her own blood because it's an expression of her True Will: freely chosen and embraced, an act that doesn't create a debt, but belongs wholly to her.
(and by the way, if any of you have met those mothers with martyr syndromes, you will be grateful to Crowley to give you an alternative view. One of these martyr-mums might be your querent one day - think how you might help her get over this self-sacrifice syndrome, with the help of Crowley!)
To that, you might add some meanings for that pelican that Crowley might not have included or excluded - and that, in the middle of a reading, might be entirely appropriate. That will be your call as a reader.