This is more or less a "Tarot card", although at the time of its painting likely called "Trionfi card".
The persons are thought to be Diogenes and King Alexander of Macedonia.
Both are pre-Christian, naturally.
But the paper, the color, the painter, the commissioner of the deck, the location etc. were from 15th century AD.
Let's assume, that a reader in 15th century did read the psalms (then maybe 2500 years old) and had been so impressed, that he made a Psalms deck. Why not, it wouldn't change our idea of the world, if tomorrow it's in the newspaper, that a deck was found in a church chair or wherever and it definitely shows some indications, that it is about Psalms.
Then we would talk tomorrow about it ...
... but not today. Somehow the things must be real, about which we talk here, otherwise the topic would become endless.
Generally there are a lot of "similar systems" in the pre-Christian area. I mentioned the 22 political departements of upper-Egyptia, these were 22 and more than that, each departement had a connected picture. And more of it, the whole series was painted or stone-engraved on the front- or backside of the tempels - at the other side were the 20 signs of the political departements of lower Egyptia. Together they presented 42 death gods of the Egyptians. This system is said to have existed since c. 2500 BC.
Well, it has similarities to Tarot. It would be interesting, if the 15th century persons had knowledge about it and that it had been important for them. I personally don't see this.