According to Lurianic tradition the outer circle in the 'onion' concentric ring model* represents kether, the inner malkuth. We may note the resemblance to the greek geocentric model of the cosmos, and the relationship between the judaic-gnostic sephiroth/logoi of the SY and the greek gnostic planetary archons.
The first, outer circle that encompasses and contains the rest represents within the terminology of later kabbalistic redactions Kether, and is analagous to the outer circle of the cosmological model which represents the first cause. The second is Chokmah, the circle of stars. Third Binah, Saturn; fourth Chesed, Jupiter, fifth Gevurah, Mars, sixth Tiphareth, Sun; Seventh Netzach, Venus; Eighth Hod, Mercury; Ninth Yesod, Moon and tenth and last inner circle Malkuth, Earth.
If we transcribe the 'onion' cosmological model to the model of the ToL we find then the attributions fit those of the GD. As I mentioned before, this is not unique to the GD, but is referenced in Luria, in the 13th century Sefer HaPeliyah and the pseudo-epigraphcal redaction of the SY attributed to Joseph Ashkenazi. The possible influence of the Saturn/Binah correspondence on the messianic ideation of Sabbatai Tzevi and the use of this model among the Sabbateans may have contributed to its virtual disappearance in later Jewish sources. Followers of the Sabbatean Jacob Frank [see links below] were involved with several masonic and occult organisations and fraternities which conversly may have sustained this model within certain Christian/Hermetic schools of Kabbalah [interesting too to note that both Frank's wife and his daughter Eva [who took over leadership following his death] are reported to have used cards for divination].
Looking at this model we see that from Malkuth as Earth we have a representation of the geo-centric model based upon the Chaldean order of planets. We have also the Sun at Tiphareth in the centre, with the inner planets and moon between Earth [Malkuth] and the Sun [at Tiphareth], with the outer planets above; so also we have a heliocentric model. There is also of course the relationship to the magic squares of the planets as described by Agrippa [Occult Philosophy] and their basis in the cosmological model. The Saturn square has nine cells being a square of three, Saturn being the third sphere [counting from the outer to the inner]; and so on for the rest.
Transcribed to the GD planetary hexagram we have in Chaldean order Saturn at the top point, Jupiter TR, Mars TL, Sun Center, Venus BR, Mercury BL and Moon Bottom. We see here the several pairs relating to planetary rulerships, Saturn opposite Lights, whose signs are opposite in the zodiac, Jupiter opposite Mercury, whose signs are opposite in the zodiac, Mars opposite Venus, whose signs are opposite in the zodiac. If we take the numbers of the planets then the numbers in opposite wings add up to 12, Saturn [3] and Moon [9]; Jupiter [4] and Mercury [8]; Mars [5] and Venus [7]. All together the three pairs add to 36, the square of the Sun[6] in the center.
Placed around a septagram in Chaldean order we have the same correspondence of pairings as in the Hexagram. Draw a horizontal line connecting the wings we have a bottom pairing of Saturn/Moon, then Jupiter/Mercury, Mars/Venus and Sun at the top
. Following the lines of the septagram we get the orders of the days of the week. This is because the names of the days are based upon the Chaldean ordering of the planetary hours, tables of which are common among kabbalistic based medieval grimoires and which are of prime importance in Jewish astrology. The majority of the oldest versions of the SY attribute the double letters according to the Chaldean order.
Most occult Tarot attributions however bear a closer parallel with the Gra redaction of the SY, circa 1800 c.e. If there are links in older historically 'non' occult decks such as the Marseille then any correspondence that may have been made would more likely to have followed the correspondence of the Chaldean order rather than that attributed to modern occult decks [IMHO].
We may attribute the letters to the vertical paths of the 'natural array' version of the tree based upon the planetary hexagram. Place the hexagram over the natural array version of the ToL [like two hexagrams with the bottom of the top resting in Yesod and the top of th bottom in Tiphareth] and line up the points of the planetary hexagram with the vertical paths [ie, in between the two hexagram of which the ToL is constructed], we then get:
Kether/Tiphareth = Saturn - Beit
Chokmah/Chesed = Jupiter - Gimel
Binah/Gevurah = Mars - Daleth
Tiphareth/Yesod = Sun - Kaph
Chesed/Netzach = Venus - Pe
Gevurah/Hod = Mercury - Resh
Yesod/Malkuth = Moon - Tav
Kwaw
*For non-GD references to attributions that follow the same planetary/sefiroth correspondences see for example 'Qabalah' by Papus [1892] in Chapter III on divine names in which the same attributions as GD are made. For Christian cabala see also the table in Papus from R.Esprit Sabbathier, 'Ombre ideale de la sargessa universelle', 1679, which also gives the same attributions. For example of the connection between Binah, Saturn and the Messiah in Jewish Kabbalah see for example 'Messianic Mystics' by Moshe Idel, under the section subtitled 'Messiah, Binah, Saturn' from p187 on. For example of the relation of Saturn to the Sabbath, the two Hei of the divine name JHVH and to Binah and Malkuth see for example 'The Book of Creation and its commentaries' by Leonard Glotzer. For example of concentric ring model of sephiroth and its correspondence to the geocentric model see for example reproduction of Italian manuscript c.1400 on page 321 of 'Alchemy and Mysticism' by Alexander Roob. There is also has an engraving from the 'hermetischer philosophus oder hauptaschlussel' vienna 1709 on page 350 which shows the planetary hexagram, similar to GD except Jupiter/Venus are on the left points and Mars/Mercury on the right, top and bottom respectively. Some links on -
Jacob Frank:
http://www.mindspring.com/~hellfire/bishop/frankist/
Sabbatai Zevi:
http://www.fact-index.com/s/sa/sabbatai_zevi.html